By Andi Anderson
As winter fades and green grass begins to appear, many livestock producers feel relieved that the toughest season is nearly over. However, spring is not a reset point for cattle herds.
The nutritional choices made during winter continue to influence cow health, calving success, and breeding performance well into the spring season.
For spring‑calving herds, the final trimester of pregnancy falls during the coldest and most demanding months. Nearly 70 percent of fetal growth occurs during this period, which means cows need high‑quality nutrients to support a healthy calf.
If cows do not receive enough energy or protein, calves may be born smaller, weaker, or with lower chances of survival. Poor maternal nutrition can also reduce the quality and quantity of colostrum and milk, limiting early calf growth.
Cold weather increases nutrient requirements even further. During extreme cold, cows may use their stored body fat to stay warm. If feed intake is low or quality is poor, both cow and calf health can suffer even before calving begins.
A cow’s body condition score (BCS) at calving strongly predicts her reproductive success. Ideally, cows should calve at a BCS of 5 to 6. Once lactation begins, rebuilding lost condition becomes difficult because nutrients are directed toward milk production.
Research shows that thin cows take much longer to return to estrus. For example, cows calving at a BCS of 3 may take around 88 days to cycle again, while cows calving at a BCS of 6 may return in about 52 days. These differences affect breeding success and the overall productivity of the herd.
Even well‑designed winter rations can fall short if cows do not consume them consistently. Weather, herd dynamics, feeder access, and mud can impact how much each cow eats. Cows respond to what they consume—not what is written in the feeding plan. Inconsistent intake leads to uneven body condition, delayed cycling, and varied calf performance.
Although spring grass is appealing, it is not always enough to correct winter nutritional gaps. Early spring forage contains high moisture and rapidly changing nutrients. While cows enjoy eating it, it may not supply the energy needed for lactation.
Mineral intake often decreases when fresh grass appears, which can further affect performance. Thin cows and first‑calf heifers may need supplements until pastures reach full growth.
Producers can prevent larger challenges by checking cattle early in spring. Key steps include evaluating body condition, reviewing winter feeding practices, and providing targeted supplements if needed. Working with nutritionists before problems arise can help improve herd efficiency.
Spring performance is a reflection of winter management. Understanding that cows carry winter nutrition into the next season helps producers protect animal health, reproduction, and long‑term profitability.
Photo Credit: istock-simplycreativephotography
Categories: Ohio, Livestock